Week 11: Reading Notes

1) Mischo, W. (July/August 2005). Digital Libraries: challenges and influential work. D-Lib Magazine. 11(7/8). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july05/mischo/07mischo.html

Abstracting and Indexing services (A&I)
Digital Library research funded by National Science Foundation 1993-1994
DLI-1 (Digital Libraries Initiative, first project, 1994 - 1998)
DLI-2 (1998)

2)  A. et al. (July/August 2005). Dewey meets Turing: librarians, computer scientists and the digital libraries initiative. D-Lib Magazine. 11(7/8). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july05/paepcke/07paepcke.html

"In 1994 the National Science Foundation launched its Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI). The choice of combining the word digital with library immediately defined three interested parties: librarians, computer scientists, and publishers. The eventual impact of the Initiative reached far beyond these three groups. The Google search engine emerged from the funded work and has changed working styles for virtually all professions and private activities that involve a computer."

"Aside from the monetary issues, librarians who involved themselves in the Initiative understood that information technologies were indeed important to ensure libraries' continued impact on scholarly work. Obvious opportunities lay in novel search capabilities, holdings management, and instant access. Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACS) constituted the entirety of digital facilities for many libraries. The partnership with computer science would contribute the expertise that was not yet widely available in the library community."

"core function of librarianship remains...information must be organized, collated, and presented."

hubs = web sites which direct visitors to other website that specialize on the hub's focus (sub topics are referred to as "authorities")


3) Lynch, Clifford A. "Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age" ARL, no. 226 (February 2003): 1-7. http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/br226ir.pdf

Institutional repositories = where universities may place material that research libraries deem worthy of collecting, also encourages "exploration and adoption of new forms of scholarly communication that exploit the digital medium in fundamental ways"

"It's vital that institutions recognize institutional repositories as a serious and long-lasting commitment to the campus community (and to the scholarly world, and the public at large) that should not be made lightly. In
establishing institutional repositories, institutions are both accepting risks and making promises; they are creating new expectations. In a budget crunch, the institutional repository may be one of the last things that can be cut, given the way that digital preservation demands steady and consistent attention and hence funding."

Week 9: Lab

Link for Week 9 lab: http://www.pitt.edu/~hmg24/lab9.html

Week 10: Reading Notes

1) Tidwell, D. "Introduction to XML" http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/tutorials/xmlintro/?S_TACT=104AHW06 developerWorks http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/tutorials/xmlintro/xmlintro-pdf.pdf


XML = Extensible Markup Language, used to create your own tags

3 kinds of XML documents:
-Invalid documents don't follow syntax rules
-Valid documents follow both XML syntax rules and rules for their DTD or schema
-Well-formed documents follow the XML syntax rules but don't have either a DTD or schema

Comments = can appear anywhere in document, even before or after root element. Commets begin with <!-- and ends with -->.

Document Type Defition (DTD) defines elemnts which can appear in an XML document, the order they appear, and other basic details. Similar to SGML DTDs.

XML Schemas: have more power to define what valid XML documents look like

Document Object Model (DOM): defines set of interfaces to parsed version of XML document. Parser reads document and builds memory tree, so DOM can manipulate tree. Able to see what original doc contained, delete sections of the tree, rearrange the tree, add new branches, etc


 2) Uche Ogbuji. A survey of XML standards: Part 1. January 2004. http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-stand1.html

"Namespaces in XML 1.0 [W3C Recommendation] provides a mechanism for universal naming of elements and attributes in XML documents."

"XML Base [W3C Recommendation] provides a means of associating XML elements with URIs in order to more precisely specify how relative URIs are resolved in relevant XML processing actions."

"XML Inclusions (XInclude) 1.0 [in development] provides a system for merging XML documents. XInclude is generally used when you wish to split XML documents into manageable chunks."

"XML Information Set [W3C Recommendation], also known as the XML Infoset, defines an abstract way of describing an XML document as a series of objects, called information items, with specialized properties."


 3) XML Schema Tutorial http://www.w3schools.com/Schema/default.asp

"An XML Schema:

defines elements that can appear in a document
defines attributes that can appear in a document
defines which elements are child elements
defines the order of child elements
defines the number of child elements
defines whether an element is empty or can include text
defines data types for elements and attributes
defines default and fixed values for elements and attributes"

"We think that very soon XML Schemas will be used in most Web applications as a replacement for DTDs. Here are some reasons:

XML Schemas are extensible to future additions
XML Schemas are richer and more powerful than DTDs
XML Schemas are written in XML
XML Schemas support data types
XML Schemas support namespaces"

XML Schemas: support data types, XML syntax, secure data information, etc.

Simple element: contains only text

<xs:element name="xxx" type="yyy"/>
where xxx is the name of the element and yyy is the data type of the element.

"Simple elements cannot have attributes. If an element has attributes, it is considered to be of a complex type. But the attribute itself is always declared as a simple type."

<xs:attribute name="xxx" type="yyy"/>
where xxx is the name of the attribute and yyy specifies the data type of the attribute.

Complex element: contains other elements or attributes

A complex XML element, "employee", which contains only other elements:

<employee>
  <firstname>John</firstname>
  <lastname>Smith</lastname>
</employee>

A complex XML element, "food", which contains only text:

<food type="dessert">Ice cream</food>

A complex XML element, "description", which contains both elements and text:

<description>
It happened on <date lang="norwegian">03.03.99</date> ....
</description>

Week 8: Lab

http://www.pitt.edu/~hmg24/index.html

Week 9: Reading Notes

1) W3schools HTML5 Tutorial: http://www.w3schools.com/html5/default.asp

-HTML5 will be new HTML

-video, audio, and canvas features

-support for local storage: before, everything had cookies, but web storage is more secure and faster

-new forms

-Geolocation could provide geographical location of user if user allows it

-cache application: ability for offline browsing, loading speed, reduced server load

2) HTML5 Introduction: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5

-HTML5 is a mix of HTML and XHTML.

-Added video, audio, and canvas elements

-New types of forms: date/time, email, URL, search, etc.

3) W3schools XHTML Tutorial: http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_xhtml.asp

-cleaner version of HTML

-eXtensible HyperText Markup Language

Important consideration: "Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on computers, and some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices. Smaller devices often lack the resources or power to interpret a "bad" markup language."

XHTML document contains three main sections:

1. DOCTYPE declaration

2. <head>

3. <body>